ื”ืึธืคึผืงืขืŸ ืฆื• ื”ื•ื™ืคึผื˜ ืฆื•ืคืจื™ื“ืŸ

ื™ืžืคึผืึธืจื˜ื™ื ื’ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึทืฉื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืจื•ื ืืคืจื™ืงืข ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืคึฟืึทืจืื™ื™ื ื™ืงื˜ืข ืžืœื›ื•ืช

ืคืืจื•ื•ืืก ืงืœื™ื™ึทื‘ืŸ My Car Import?

ืฉื™ืคึผื™ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ื™ืžืคึผืึธืจื˜ื™ื ื’ ืึท ืžืึทืฉื™ืŸ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ืจื•ื ืืคืจื™ืงืข ืื™ื– ืึธืคื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืงืึธืก ืขืคืขืงื˜ื™ื•ื•.

ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืกื•ืžืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ื™ืžืคึผืึธืจืฅ, ื˜ื™ื™ึทื˜ืฉ ืื™ืจ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื ื•ืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืขืจื“ ืงืึทื ื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืจื™ื™ืฅ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืฉื™ืคึผื™ื ื’. ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืงื•ื•ืึธื˜ืขืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื’ืึธืจ ื™ื ืงืœื•ืกื™ื•ื• ืื•ืŸ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื˜ื™ื™ืœืขืจื“ ืฆื• ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืื“ืขืจืคืขื ื™ืฉืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื™ืžืคึผืึธืจื˜ื™ื ื’ ืึท ืžืึทืฉื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืจื•ื ืืคืจื™ืงืข ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื•ืง.

ืื™ืจ ืงืขื ื˜ ื’ืขืคึฟื™ื ืขืŸ ืžืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืžืคึผืึธืจื˜ื™ื ื’ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึทืฉื™ืŸ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ืจื•ื ืืคืจื™ืงืข ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขื ื‘ืœืึทื˜, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื˜ืึธืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื•ื•ืขื ืงืœืขืŸ ืฆื• ืงืึธื ื˜ืึทืงื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืจืขื“ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืžื™ื˜ื’ืœื™ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืขืงืŸ.

ืฉื™ืคึผื™ื ื’

ืžื™ืจ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืคื™ืจืŸ ื“ืขื ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืคึผื™ื ื’ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึทืฉื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืจื•ื ืืคืจื™ืงืข ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื•ืง

ืžื™ื ื”ื’ื™ื

ืžื™ืจ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืงืขื™ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื ื”ื’ื™ื ืจืขืฉื•ืก ืึธื“ืขืจ ืึทืจื•ื™ืกืคื™ืจืŸ ืจืขืงื•ื•ื™ืจืขืžืขื ืฅ

ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ื“ื–ืฉ

ืžื™ืจ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืงืจืึธื ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืจื•ื ืืคืจื™ืงืื ืขืจ ืคืึธืจืžื™ื˜ืœ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืœืึธืงืึทืœ ื‘ื™ื– ืขืก ืื™ื– ืจืขื’ื™ืกื˜ืจื™ืจื˜

ืžืึทื“ืึทืคืึทืงื™ื™ืฉืึทื ื–

ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคืืจืœืื ื’ื˜ ืžืึธื“ื™ืคื™ืงืึทื˜ื™ืึธื ืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืœืึธืงืึทืœ

ื˜ืขืกื˜ื™ื ื’

ืžื™ืจ ืงืขื ืขืŸ IVA ืคึผืจื•ื‘ื™ืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ MOT ืคึผืจื•ื‘ื™ืจืŸ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืึธืจืžื™ื˜ืœ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืคึผืœืึทืฅ

ืคืึทืจืฉืจื™ื™ึทื‘ื•ื ื’

ืึทืœืฅ ืื™ื– ื›ืึทื ื“ืึทืœื“ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืื™ืจ ื‘ื™ื– ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึทืฉื™ืŸ ืื™ื– ืจืขื’ื™ืกื˜ืจื™ืจื˜

ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขืก ืคึฟืึทืจ ื™ืžืคึผืึธืจื˜ื™ื ื’ ืึท ืžืึทืฉื™ืŸ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ืจื•ื ืืคืจื™ืงืข?

My Car Import ืื™ื– ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืขืจืกื˜ ื˜ืจืึทืกื˜ื™ื“ ืื•ืŸ ืขืคืขืงื˜ื™ื•ื• ื™ืžืคึผืึธืจื˜ืขืจื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึฟืึทืจืื™ื™ื ื™ืงื˜ืข ืžืœื›ื•ืช. ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื›ืึทืฃ, ืžื™ืจ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืงืขื™ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื ื˜ืจืึทืงืึทื˜ ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืžืคึผืึธืจื˜ื™ื ื’ ืงืึทืจืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืจื•ื ืืคืจื™ืงืข ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืคึฟืึทืจืื™ื™ื ื™ืงื˜ืข ืžืœื›ื•ืช ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืงืึทื“ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจื•ื ื’. ืžื™ืจ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธ ืฆื• ืคืึทืจืžื™ื ืขืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืึทืžืคึผืœืขืงืกื™ื˜ื™ื– ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจื ืึทืฆื™ืึธื ืึทืœืข ืžืึทืฉื™ืŸ ื™ืžืคึผืึธืจื˜ื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ, ื™ื ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื’ ืึท ืกื™ืžืœืึทืก ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจื•ื ื’ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืื™ืจ.

ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขืก ื”ื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืฆื™ื˜ื™ืจืŸ ืคืึธืจืขื ื•ื•ืึธืก ื’ื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื“ื™ ื“ืขื˜ืึทื™ืœืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึทืฉื™ืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืžืึธื•ื˜ืขืจื‘ื™ื™ืง ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ืึธืœื˜ ื•ื•ื™ ืฆื• ืึทืจื™ื™ึทื ืคื™ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืจื•ื ืืคืจื™ืงืข ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืคึฟืึทืจืื™ื™ื ื™ืงื˜ืข ืžืœื›ื•ืช. ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืฆื™ื˜ื™ืจืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืžื™ืจ ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืฆื• ืึทืจื™ื™ึทื ืคื™ืจ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึทืฉื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืจื•ื ืืคืจื™ืงืข ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืคึฟืึทืจืื™ื™ื ื™ืงื˜ืข ืžืœื›ื•ืช ืื™ื– ื‘ืขืกืคึผืึธืงื˜ ืฆื• ืื™ืจ.

ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืึทื ื“ืœื™ื ื’ ืžื™ื˜ ืคึผื™ื™ืคึผืขืจื•ื•ืขืจืง, ืžื™ื ื”ื’ื™ื ืจืขื’ื™ืึทืœื™ื™ืฉืึทื ื–, ืื•ืŸ ื”ืขืกืงืขื ืคึผืจืึธื•ืกื™ื“ื–ืฉืขืจื–, ืฆื• ืขืจื™ื™ื ื“ื–ืฉื™ื ื’ ืฉื™ืคึผื™ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืจืึทื ืกืคึผืขืจื˜ื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ, My Car Import ืื™ื– ื“ืึธ ืฆื• ื”ืึทื ื“ืœืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ื“ืขื˜ืึทืœ.

ื ืึทื•ื•ื™ื’ืึทืฆื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ื“ื™ ืœืขื’ืึทืœ ื™ื ื˜ืจืึทืงืึทืกื™ื– ืคื•ืŸ ืงืจื™ื™ึทื–-ื’ืจืขื ืขืฅ ืžืึทืฉื™ืŸ ื™ืžืคึผืึธืจื˜ื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ ืคืืจืœืื ื’ื˜ ืึท ื˜ื™ืฃ ืคืืจืฉื˜ืื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื“ื™ ืึธื ื”ื™ื™ื‘ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ ืœืึทื ื“ 'ืก ืจืขื’ื™ืึทืœื™ื™ืฉืึทื ื–. My Car Importืก ื™ืงืกืคึผื™ืจื™ืึทื ืกื˜ ืžืึทื ืฉืึทืคึฟื˜, ื™ื ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื’ ืึทื– ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืึทืกืคึผืขืงื˜, ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื™ืžื™ืฉืึทืŸ ืกื˜ืึทื ื“ืึทืจื“ืก ืฆื• ืžืึทืฉื™ืŸ ืžืึธื“ื™ืคื™ืงืึทื˜ื™ืึธื ืก, ืึทื“ื›ื™ืจื– ืฆื• ื•ืง ืกื˜ืึทื ื“ืึทืจื“ืก. ื“ื•ืจืš ืึธื•ื•ื•ืขืจืกื™ื™ื ื’ ื“ื™ ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง ืžืึธื“ื™ืคื™ืงืึทื˜ื™ืึธื ืก ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืขืกื˜ื™ื ื’ ืคึผืจืึธื•ืกื™ื“ื–ืฉืขืจื–, ืžื™ืจ ื’ืึทืจืึทื ื˜ื™ืจืŸ ืึทื– ื“ื™ ื™ืžืคึผืึธืจื˜ื™ื“ ืงืึทืจืก ื˜ืจืขืคืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืจืขื ื’ ืงืจื™ื™ื˜ื™ืจื™ืึท ื’ืขืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ ื•ืง ืื•ื™ื˜ืืจื™ื˜ืขื˜ืŸ.

ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืขืจืžื™ื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืœืึทื“ื–ืฉื™ืกื˜ื™ืงืก, My Car Import ื›ืึทื ื“ืึทืœื– ื“ื™ ื’ืื ืฆืข ืฉื™ืคึผื™ื ื’ ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขืก, ื ื™ืฆืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื ืขืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืจืึทืกื˜ื™ื“ ืคึผืึทืจื˜ื ืขืจืก ืฆื• ืึทืจื™ื‘ืขืจืคื™ืจืŸ ืงืึทืจืก ืกื™ืงื™ื•ืจืœื™ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืจื•ื ืืคืจื™ืงืข ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื•ืง. ืžื™ืจ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืึทื“ืขืคึผื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืึทื ื“ืœื™ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืึทืงื™ื•ืžืขื ื˜ื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื ื”ื’ื™ื ืจืขืฉื•ืก ืคึผืจืึธื•ืกื™ื“ื–ืฉืขืจื– ืฆื• ื•ื™ืกืžื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉื•ื– ื‘ืขืฉืึทืก ื“ื™ ื™ืžืคึผืึธืจื˜ื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึทืฉื™ืŸ.

ื•ื•ืึธืก ื‘ืืžืช ืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ My Car Import ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื”ื™ืกื›ื™ื™ึทื•ื•ืขืก ืฆื• ื“ื•ืจื›ื–ืขื™ืงื™ื™ึทื˜. ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขื ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขืก ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื ืคืึธืจืžื“ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื™ืœืกื˜ืึธื•ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืึทืœืข ืคึฟืจืื’ืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืœื™ื™ืš ืึทื“ืจืขืกื“. ื“ื™ ืึธืคึฟืŸ ืงืึธืžื•ื ื™ืงืึทืฆื™ืข ืคืึทืกื˜ืขืจ ืฆื•ื˜ืจื•ื™ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื ืคื•ืŸ ื’ื™ื™ึทืกื˜, ื•ื•ืึธืก ืึทืœืึทื•ื– ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืงืœื™ื™ืึทื ืฅ ืฆื• ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื ืคื•ืŸ ื’ื™ื™ึทืกื˜ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืก ืงื•ืžื˜ ืฆื• ื™ืžืคึผืึธืจื˜ื™ื ื’ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืงืึทืจืก ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืคึฟืึทืจืื™ื™ื ื™ืงื˜ืข ืžืœื›ื•ืช.

ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืึท ืฆื™ื˜ื™ืจืŸ ืฆื• ืึทืจื™ื™ึทื ืคื™ืจ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึทืฉื™ืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืžืขืจ ืื™ื ืคึฟืึธืจืžืึทืฆื™ืข ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืึทืจื™ื™ึทื ืคื™ืจ ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืจื•ื ืืคืจื™ืงืข ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืคึฟืึทืจืื™ื™ื ื™ืงื˜ืข ืžืœื›ื•ืช.

ืฉื™ืคึผื™ื ื’

ืžื™ืจ ืฉื™ืงืŸ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึทืฉื™ืŸ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืงืึทืคึผืข ื˜ืึทื•ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืึธืจื’ืึทื ื™ื–ื™ืจืŸ ื™ื ืœืขื ื“ื™ืฉ ื˜ืจืึทืงื™ื ื’ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืคึผืึธืจื˜ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืงืึทืžืคึผืขื˜ื™ื˜ื™ื•ื• ืจื™ื™ืฅ.

ืžื™ืจ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืงืึทืคึผืข ื˜ืึทื•ืŸ ืจืขื›ื˜ ืฆื• ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ ื‘ืืฆื™ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจืœืึธื–ืœืขืš ืื•ืŸ ื™ืงืกืคึผื™ืจื™ืึทื ืกื˜ ืฉื™ืคึผื™ื ื’ ืื’ืขื ื˜ืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืฉื™ืงืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืึทืจืก ื ื™ืฆืŸ ืฉืขืจื“ ืงืึทื ื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืจื–, ื“ืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜, ืื™ืจ ื ื•ืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ืจื™ื“ื•ืกื˜ ืงื•ืจืก ืคึฟืึทืจ ืžืึธื•ื•ื™ื ื’ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึทืฉื™ืŸ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื•ืง ืจืขื›ื˜ ืฆื• ื˜ื™ื™ืœืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืึธืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืึทื ื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืงืึทืจืก ื•ื•ืึธืก ืžื™ืจ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ. ื™ืžืคึผืึธืจื˜ื™ื ื’ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื‘ื™ื›ืึทืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืงืœื™ื™ืึทื ืฅ.

ืงืึทื ื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื˜ืจืึทื ืกืคึผืึธืจื˜ ืื™ื– ืึท ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื’ ืฆื• ืึทืจื™ื™ึทื ืคื™ืจ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึทืฉื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ืง ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ืึธืคื˜ ื“ื™ ืžืขืจืกื˜ ืคึผืจื™ื™ึทื– ืขืคืขืงื˜ื™ื•ื•.

 

ืงื•ืกื˜ืึธืžืก ืจืขืฉื•ืก

ื“ื™ ืžื™ื ื”ื’ื™ื ืจืขืฉื•ืก ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืคึผื™ื™ืคึผืขืจื•ื•ืขืจืง ืคืืจืœืื ื’ื˜ ืฆื• ื•ื™ืกืžืขืงืŸ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึทืฉื™ืŸ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื›ืึทื ื“ืึทืœื“ ื“ื•ืจืš ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ืขื ืฉื•ืจ ืึทื– ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึทืฉื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ื“ื–ืฉ ืคื™ื–.

ืึทืžืึธืœ ื“ื™ ืžืึทืฉื™ืŸ ื”ืื˜ ืงืœื™ืจื“ ืžื™ื ื”ื’ื™ื ืžื™ืจ ืžืึทื›ืŸ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ ืขืก ืื™ื– ื˜ืจืึทื ืกืคึผืึธืจื˜ืึทื“ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ืึธืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึฟืึทืจืื™ื™ื ื™ืงื˜ืข ืžืœื›ื•ืช. ืจื•ื‘ึฟ ืงืึทืจืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืจื•ื ืืคืจื™ืงืข ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื’ืœื™ื™ืš ืฆื• ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืœืึธืงืึทืœ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทื˜ืขืจ ืžืึธื“ื™ืคื™ืงืึทื˜ื™ืึธื ืก ืึธื“ืขืจ ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ื“ื–ืฉ.

ืžืืœ ืžื™ืจ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืึทืฉื™ืŸ ื’ืœื™ื™ืš ืฆื• ืื™ืจ ืื•ื™ื‘ ืขืก ืื™ื– ืขืคึผืขืก ื•ื•ื™ ืึท ืงืœืึทืกื™ืฉ ืžืึทืฉื™ืŸ.

ืึทืžืึธืœ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึทืฉื™ืŸ ื”ืื˜ ืงืœื™ืจื“ ืžื™ื ื”ื’ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืœืึธืงืึทืœ, ืžื™ืจ ืžืึธื“ื™ืคื™ืฆื™ืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืึทืฉื™ืŸ

ื“ื™ ืžืึทืฉื™ืŸ ืื™ื– ืžืึทื“ืึทืคื™ื™ื“ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืขืกื˜ืขื“ ื“ื•ืจืš ื–ื™ืš ืคึฟืึทืจ ื”ืขืกืงืขื ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึฟืึทืจืื™ื™ื ื™ืงื˜ืข ืžืœื›ื•ืช.

ื ืึธืš ื•ื•ืึธืก ืึทืœืข ื‘ืึทื˜ื™ื™ึทื˜ื™ืง ื˜ืขืกื˜ื™ื ื’ ืื™ื– ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืงืึธื›ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืคึผืœืึทืฅ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืคึผืจื™ื•ื•ืึทื˜ ืึธื•ื ื“ IVA ื˜ืขืกื˜ื™ื ื’ ืฉื˜ืขื’.

  • ืžื™ืจ ืžืึธื“ื™ืคื™ืฆื™ืจืŸ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึทืฉื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืœืึธืงืึทืœ
  • ืžื™ืจ ืคึผืจื•ื‘ื™ืจืŸ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึทืฉื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืœืึธืงืึทืœ
  • ืžื™ืจ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืงืขื™ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืื ืฆืข ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขืก

ืžืึทืš ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืคึฟืึทืจืื™ื™ื ื™ืงื˜ืข ืžืœื›ื•ืช?

ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ื ื•ืžืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื‘ืึทืฉืœื™ืกืŸ ืฆื• ื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืงืึทืจืก ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืจื•ื ืืคืจื™ืงืข ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื ื•ืฆืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืจ-ืคืจื™ื™ ื™ื ืกืขื ื˜ื™ื•ื•ื– ื’ืขืคึฟื™ื ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืจื™ืœืึธื•ืงื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ื’.

ืžื™ืจ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืึทืจื•ื™ืฉืขืœืคืŸ ืฆื• ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืงืขื™ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืึทืฉื™ืŸ ื‘ืฉืขืช ืื™ืจ ื–ืขื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ืžืึธื•ื•ื™ื ื’. ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™ืœื˜ ืฆื• ืฉื™ืงืŸ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืขืจื–ืขื ืœืขื›ืข ื‘ื™ืœืึธื ื’ื™ื ื’ื– ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึทืฉื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ื™ืงืขืจ ืงืึทื ื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืจ, ืžื™ืจ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื”ืึทื ื˜ ืฆื• ื–ืึทืžืœืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืึทืฉื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื›ืึทืฃ.

ืึธืคื˜ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ืข ืคึฟืจืื’ืŸ

ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขืก ืคึฟืึทืจ ื™ืžืคึผืึธืจื˜ื™ื ื’ ืงืึทืจืก ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืฆืขืŸ ื™ืืจ ืึทืœื˜?

ืžื™ืจ ื˜ืึธืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืžื™ื˜ ืึทืŸ IVA ืคึผืจืึธื‘ืข. ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืคึผืจื™ื•ื•ืึทื˜ ืึทืคึผืขืจื™ื™ื˜ืึทื“ IVA ื˜ืขืกื˜ื™ื ื’ ืžืขื›ื™ืจืขืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ืง, ื˜ื™ื™ึทื˜ืฉ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึทืฉื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื•ื•ืึทืจื˜ืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืึท ื˜ืขืกื˜ื™ื ื’ ืฉืคึผืขืœื˜ืœ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืจืขื’ื™ืจื•ื ื’ ื˜ืขืกื˜ื™ื ื’ ืฆืขื ื˜ืขืจ, ื•ื•ืึธืก ืงืขืŸ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ื•ื•ืึธื›ืŸ, ืื•ื™ื‘ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืฆื• ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ. ืžื™ืจ IVA ืคึผืจื•ื‘ื™ืจืŸ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืึธืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขื ืคึผืœืึทืฅ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืึทืกื˜ืึทืกื˜ ื˜ืขืจื ืขืจืึทื•ื ื“ ืฆื• ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึทืฉื™ืŸ ืจืขื’ื™ืกื˜ืจื™ืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื•ืง ืจืึธื•ื“ื–.

ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืžืึทืฉื™ืŸ ืื™ื– ืึทื ื“ืขืจืฉ ืื•ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืคืึทื‘ืจื™ืงืึทื ื˜ ื”ืื˜ ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื“ืขื ืข ืฉื˜ื™ืฆืŸ ืกื˜ืึทื ื“ืึทืจื“ืก ืคึฟืึทืจ ืึทืกื™ืกื˜ื™ื ื’ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืงืœื™ื™ืึทื ืฅ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืขื ืึทืจื™ื™ึทื ืคื™ืจ ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขืก, ืึทื–ื•ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ืข ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืึท ืฆื™ื˜ื™ืจืŸ ืึทื–ื•ื™ ืžื™ืจ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ืกืงื•ื˜ื™ืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืึธืคึผื˜ื™ืžื•ื ื’ื™ื›ืงื™ื™ึทื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืจื™ื™ึทื– ืึธืคึผืฆื™ืข ืคึฟืึทืจ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืื ื“ืŸ.

ืžื™ืจ ืคื™ืจืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืื ืฆืข ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขืก ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื›ืึทืฃ, ืฆื™ ืขืก ื”ืึทื ื“ืœืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื”ืึธืžืึธืœืึธื’ืึทื˜ื™ืึธืŸ ืžืึทื ืฉืึทืคึฟื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึทื ื™ืึทืคืึทืงื˜ืฉืขืจืขืจื– ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืึทืฉื™ืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ ื“ืขืคึผืึทืจื˜ืžืขื ื˜ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื˜ืจืื ืกืคืืจื˜, ืึทื–ื•ื™ ืื™ืจ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืึธืคึผืจื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื™ื’ืึทืœื™ ืจืขื’ื™ืกื˜ืจื™ืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ื•ื•ืœืึท ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืึธืจื˜ื™ืกื˜ ืฆื™ื™ื˜.

ืึทื•ืกื˜ืจืึทืœื™ืึทืŸ ืงืึทืจืก ืงืขืŸ ื“ืึทืจืคืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืžืึธื“ื™ืคื™ืงืึทื˜ื™ืึธื ืก, ืึทืจื™ื™ึทื ื’ืขืจืขื›ื ื˜ ื“ื™ ืกืคึผืขืขื“ืึธ ืฆื• ืึทืจื•ื™ืกื•ื•ื™ื™ึทื–ืŸ ืึท MPH ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ืขืŸ ื ืขืคึผืœ ืœื™ื›ื˜ ืคึผืึทื–ื™ืฉืึทื ื™ื ื’ ืื•ื™ื‘ ืขืก ืื™ื– ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื™ื•ื ืึทื•ื•ืขืจืกืึทืœื™ ื’ืขื”ืึธืจื›ื™ืง.

ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ื˜ ืึท ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืงืึทื˜ืึทืœืึธื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืึธืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืžืึธื“ืขืœืก ืคื•ืŸ ืงืึทืจืก ื•ื•ืึธืก ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื™ืžืคึผืึธืจื˜ื™ื“ ืึทื–ื•ื™ ืื™ืจ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืึทืŸ ืคึผื™ื ื˜ืœืขืš ืึธืคึผืฉืึทืฆื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึทืฉื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื“ืึทืจืคืŸ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ IVA ืคึผืจื•ื‘ื™ืจืŸ.

ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขืก ืคึฟืึทืจ ื™ืžืคึผืึธืจื˜ื™ื ื’ ืงืึทืจืก ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืฆืขืŸ ื™ืืจ ืึทืœื˜?

ืงืึทืจืก ืื™ื‘ืขืจ 10 ื™ืืจ ืึทืœื˜ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืคึผืึธื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ื™ืคึผ ื”ืึทืกืงืึธืžืข ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื ืึธืš ื“ืึทืจืคืŸ ืึท ื–ื™ื›ืขืจืงื™ื™ึทื˜ ืคึผืจืึธื‘ืข, ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ืึท ืžืึธื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืขื ืœืขืš ืžืึธื“ื™ืคื™ืงืึทื˜ื™ืึธื ืก ืฆื• ืึท IVA ืคึผืจื•ื‘ื™ืจืŸ ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื’ื™ืกื˜ืจืึทืฆื™ืข. ื“ื™ ืžืึธื“ื™ืคื™ืงืึทื˜ื™ืึธื ืก ืึธืคืขื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ืขืœื˜ืขืจ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ืขืŸ ื ืขืคึผืœ ืœื™ื›ื˜.

ืื•ื™ื‘ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึทืฉื™ืŸ ืื™ื– ืื™ื‘ืขืจ 40 ื™ืึธืจ ืึทืœื˜, ืขืก ื“ืึทืจืฃ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืึท MOT ืคึผืจื•ื‘ื™ืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื’ืœื™ื™ึทืš ืฆื• ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ืง ืึทื“ืจืขืก ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืขืก ืื™ื– ืจืขื’ื™ืกื˜ืจื™ืจื˜.

ื•ื•ื™ ืœืึทื ื’ ื ืขืžื˜ ืขืก ืฆื• ืึทืจื™ื‘ืขืจืคื™ืจืŸ ืึท ืžืึทืฉื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืจื•ื ืืคืจื™ืงืข ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืคึฟืึทืจืื™ื™ื ื™ืงื˜ืข ืžืœื›ื•ืช?

ื“ื™ ื’ืขื“ื•ื™ืขืจ ืขืก ื ืขืžื˜ ืฆื• ืึทืจื™ื‘ืขืจืคื™ืจืŸ ืึท ืžืึทืฉื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืจื•ื ืืคืจื™ืงืข ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืคึฟืึทืจืื™ื™ื ื™ืงื˜ืข ืžืœื›ื•ืช ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ึทื˜ืŸ ื‘ืื–ื™ืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช, ืึทืจื™ื™ึทื ื’ืขืจืขื›ื ื˜ ื“ื™ ืžืึธื“ืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ื˜ืจืึทื ืกืคึผืขืจื˜ื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ, ื“ื™ ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ืคื™ืฉ ืžืึทืจืฉืจื•ื˜, ืžื™ื ื”ื’ื™ื ืคึผืจืึธื•ืกื™ื“ื–ืฉืขืจื– ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืึทื ืคืึธืจืกื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืœื™ื™ื–. ื“ืึธ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื’ืขื ืขืจืึทืœ ืขืกื˜ืึทืžืึทืฅ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื“ืขื ืข ืžืึธื“ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืจืึทื ืกืคึผืขืจื˜ื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ:

ืฉื™ืคึผื™ื ื’ ื“ื•ืจืš ื™ื: ืฉื™ืคึผื™ื ื’ ืึท ืžืึทืฉื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืจื•ื ืืคืจื™ืงืข ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืคึฟืึทืจืื™ื™ื ื™ืงื˜ืข ืžืœื›ื•ืช ื“ื•ืจืš ื™ื ืื™ื– ืึท ืคึผืจืึธืกื˜ ืื•ืคึฟืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื“ื•ื™ืขืจ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ึทื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ืคึผืขื ื“ื™ื ื’ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืคึผื™ื ื’ ืžืึทืจืฉืจื•ื˜, ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืคึผื™ื ื’ ืคื™ืจืžืข ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืึธืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืึธืคึผืคืึธืจ ืื•ืŸ ืึธื ืงื•ืžืขืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ืฉื ื™ื˜ืœืขืš, ืขืก ืงืขืŸ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืึทืจื•ื 4 ืฆื• 6 ื•ื•ืึธื›ืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื“ื™ ื™ื ืจื™ื™ื–ืข. ืึธื‘ืขืจ, ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืึท ืคึผืจืึธืกื˜ ืึธืคึผืฉืึทืฆื•ื ื’, ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืงื˜ื™ืฉ ื“ื•ืจื›ืคืึธืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื ืคืœื•ืึทื ืกื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื•ื•ื™ ื•ื•ืขื˜ืขืจ ื˜ื ืึธื™ื, ืžื™ื ื”ื’ื™ื ืจืขืฉื•ืก ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ืคื™ืฉ ืฉื™ืคึผื™ื ื’ ืคึผืœืึทืŸ.

ืžื™ื ื”ื’ื™ื ืงืœืขืึทืจืึทื ืกืข: ืงืœืึธืจื™ื ื’ ืžื™ื ื”ื’ื™ื ื‘ื™ื™ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื“ื™ ืึธืคึผืคืึธืจ ืื•ืŸ ืึธื ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืคึผืึธืจืฅ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืฆื™ื™ื˜. ื’ืขื”ืขืจื™ืง ื“ืึทืงื™ื•ืžืขื ื˜ื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ, ืึทืจื™ื™ึทื ืคื™ืจ ืคึผืขืจืžื™ืฅ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืขืกืงืขื ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ื ื”ื’ื™ื ืจืขื’ื™ืึทืœื™ื™ืฉืึทื ื– ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืฉ ืฆื• ื•ื™ืกืžื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื“ื™ืœื™ื™ื–. ืžื™ื ื”ื’ื™ื ืจืขืฉื•ืก ืงืขืŸ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื˜ืขื’ ืฆื• ืึท ื•ื•ืึธืš ืึธื“ืขืจ ืžืขืจ, ื“ื™ืคึผืขื ื“ื™ื ื’ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ืขืคืขืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ืงื™ื™ึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืจืึทืกืขืกืึทื– ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืึธื˜ืขื ืฆื™ืขืœ ื™ืฉื•ื– ื•ื•ืึธืก ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืŸ.

ืึทื ืคืึธืจืกื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืœื™ื™ื–: ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื“ืŸ ืึทื ืคืึธืจืกื™ืŸ ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืคึผืจืึทืœ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ื˜ืจืึทื ืกืคึผืขืจื˜ื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขืก, ืึทื–ืึท ื•ื•ื™ ืึทื“ื•ื•ืขืจืก ื•ื•ืขื˜ืขืจ ื˜ื ืึธื™ื, ืคึผืึธืจื˜ ืงืึทื ื“ื–ืฉืขืกื˜ืฉืึทืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืœืึธื’ื™ืกื˜ื™ืง ื˜ืฉืึทืœืึทื ื“ื–ืฉื™ื–. ื“ื™ ื“ื™ืœื™ื™ื– ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืœื™ื™ื’ืŸ ืขืงืกื˜ืจืข ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืงื•ื™ืœืขืœื“ื™ืง ื ืกื™ืขื”.

ื‘ืจื™ืจื” ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืคึผื™ื ื’ ืกืขืจื•ื•ื™ืก: ืขืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื“ืขื ืข ื˜ื™ื™ืคึผืก ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืคึผื™ื ื’ ื‘ืึทื“ื™ื ื•ื ื’ืก ื‘ื ื™ืžืฆื, ืึทื–ืึท ื•ื•ื™ ืจืึธืœืœ-ืื•ื™ืฃ / ื–ืขืžืœ-ืึทื•ื•ืขืง (ืจืึธืจืึธ) ืื•ืŸ ืงืึทื ื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืฉื™ืคึผื™ื ื’. ืจืึธืจืึธ ืื™ื– ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืคืึทืกื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื™ื ื•ื•ืึทืœื•ื•ื– ื“ืจื™ื™ื•ื•ื™ื ื’ ื“ื™ ืžืึทืฉื™ืŸ ืึทื ื˜ื• ืึท ืกืคึผืขืฉืึทืœื™ื™ื–ื“ ืฉื™ืฃ, ื‘ืฉืขืช ืงืึทื ื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืฉื™ืคึผื™ื ื’ ื’ื™ื˜ ืžืขืจ ืฉื•ืฅ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืงืขืŸ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืžืขืจ ืจืขื›ื˜ ืฆื• ื”ืึทื ื“ืœื™ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืกื™ืงื™ื•ืจื™ื ื’ ืคึผืจืึธื•ืกื™ื“ื–ืฉืขืจื–.

ืžืึธื“ืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ืึทืจื™ื‘ืขืจืคื™ืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ืง: ืึทืžืึธืœ ื“ื™ ืžืึทืฉื™ืŸ ืขืจื™ื™ื•ื•ื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ืง, ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื“ืึทืจืคึฟืŸ ืฆื• ื‘ืึทื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืขืก ื ืขืžื˜ ืฆื• ืึทืจื™ื‘ืขืจืคื™ืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืึทืฉื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืึธืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืึธื ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืืœื˜ ืึธืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ืง. ื“ืึธืก ืงืขืŸ ืึทืจื™ื™ึทื ืฆื™ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ ืึทืจื™ื‘ืขืจืคื™ืจืŸ, ื•ื•ืึธืก ืงืขืŸ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื˜ืขื’.

ื“ืึทืงื™ื•ืžืขื ื˜ื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ื•ื ื’: ื’ืขื”ืขืจื™ืง ื“ืึทืงื™ื•ืžืขื ื˜ื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืฉื™ืคึผื™ื ื’ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื™ืงืขืจื“ื™ืง. ื“ืึธืก ื›ื•ืœืœ ืฆื•ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืคึผื™ื ื˜ืœืขืš ืื™ื ืคึฟืึธืจืžืึทืฆื™ืข ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืึทืฉื™ืŸ, ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื ื•ื™ื˜ื™ืง ืขืงืกืคึผืึธืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืึทืจื™ื™ึทื ืคื™ืจ ืคึผืขืจืžื™ืฅ, ืื•ืŸ ืฆื• ืขื ืฉื•ืจ ืึทื– ื“ื™ ืžืึทืฉื™ืŸ ืžื™ืฅ ื“ื™ ื•ืง ืก ื–ื™ื›ืขืจืงื™ื™ึทื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื™ืžื™ืฉืึทืŸ ืกื˜ืึทื ื“ืึทืจื“ืก.

ืขืก ืื™ื– ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ืฆื• ื˜ืึธืŸ ืึทื– ื“ื™ ืขืกื˜ืึทืžืึทืฅ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื ืขืจืึทืœ ื’ื™ื™ื“ืœื™ื™ื ื– ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืงื˜ื™ืฉ ื“ื•ืจื›ืคืึธืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ึทื˜ืŸ. ืึทื“ื“ื™ื˜ื™ืึธื ืึทืœืœื™, ืจืขื’ื™ืึทืœื™ื™ืฉืึทื ื– ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืจืึธื•ืกื™ื“ื–ืฉืขืจื– ืงืขืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ึทื˜, ืึทื–ื•ื™ ืขืก ืื™ื– ืจืขืงืึทืžืขื ื“ื™ื“ ืฆื• ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื™ืงืกืคึผื™ืจื™ืึทื ืกื˜ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจื ืึทืฆื™ืึธื ืึทืœืข ืฉื™ืคึผื™ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืœืึทื“ื–ืฉื™ืกื˜ื™ืงืก ืงืึธืžืคึผืึทื ื™ืขืก ื•ื•ืึธืก ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืื™ืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืคึผื™ื ื˜ืœืขืš ืื™ื ืคึฟืึธืจืžืึทืฆื™ืข, ืึทืจื•ื™ืฉืขืœืคืŸ ื“ืขื ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขืก ืื•ืŸ ื”ืขืœืคึฟืŸ ืื™ืจ ื ืึทื•ื•ื™ื’ื™ืจืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ืฉืึทืœืึทื ื“ื–ืฉื™ื– ื•ื•ืึธืก ืงืขืŸ ืคึผืึทืกื™ืจืŸ ื‘ืขืฉืึทืก ื“ื™ ื˜ืจืึทื ืกืคึผืขืจื˜ื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึทืฉื™ืŸ. ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืจื•ื ืืคืจื™ืงืข ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืคึฟืึทืจืื™ื™ื ื™ืงื˜ืข ืžืœื›ื•ืช.

ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืื™ืจ ืึทืจื•ื™ืกืคื™ืจืŸ ืงืึทืจืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึฟืึทืจืื™ื™ื ื™ืงื˜ืข ืžืœื›ื•ืช ืฆื• ื“ืจื•ื ืืคืจื™ืงืข?

ืžื™ืจ ื˜ืึธืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืคื˜ ืคืึธืจืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ ืขืงืกืคึผืึธืจื˜ ื•ื•ื™ ืึท ื“ื™ื ืกื˜, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ืึธ ืื™ื– ืึท ืงื•ืจืฅ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื‘ืœื™ืง ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื™ื ื•ื•ืึทืœื•ื•ื“ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขืก:

ืขืก ืื™ื– ืžืขื’ืœืขืš ืฆื• ืึทืจื•ื™ืกืคื™ืจืŸ ืงืึทืจืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึฟืึทืจืื™ื™ื ื™ืงื˜ืข ืžืœื›ื•ืช ืฆื• ื“ืจื•ื ืืคืจื™ืงืข. ืึธื‘ืขืจ, ืขืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ืกื˜ืขืคึผืก, ืจืขื’ื™ืึทืœื™ื™ืฉืึทื ื– ืื•ืŸ ืงืึทื ืกื™ื“ืขืจื™ื™ืฉืึทื ื– ืื™ืจ ื“ืึทืจืคึฟืŸ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืึทื•ื•ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืจ ืขืงืกืคึผืึธืจื˜ื™ืจืŸ ืึท ืžืึทืฉื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ืง ืฆื• ื“ืจื•ื ืืคืจื™ืงืข:

ืžื™ื ื”ื’ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื™ืžืคึผืึธืจื˜ ืจืขื’ื•ืœืึทื˜ื™ืึธื ืก: ื“ืจื•ื ืืคืจื™ืงืข ื”ืื˜ ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ืคื™ืฉ ืžื™ื ื”ื’ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื™ืžืคึผืึธืจื˜ ืจืขื’ื™ืึทืœื™ื™ืฉืึทื ื– ื•ื•ืึธืก ืจืขื’ื™ืจืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ืžืคึผืึธืจื˜ื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืึทืจืก. ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื“ืึทืจืคึฟืŸ ืฆื• ื ืึธื›ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืจืขื’ื™ืึทืœื™ื™ืฉืึทื ื–, ื•ื•ืึธืก ืงืขืŸ ืึทืจื™ื™ึทื ื ืขืžืขืŸ ื“ื•ื˜ื™ื–, ื˜ืึทืงืกื™ื– ืื•ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืคื™ื–. ื™ืžืคึผืึธืจื˜ื™ื ื’ ืึท ืžืึทืฉื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจื•ื ืืคืจื™ืงืข ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืงืึธืžืคึผืœื™ืฆื™ืจื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ืื™ื– ืจืขืงืึทืžืขื ื“ื™ื“ ืฆื• ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื ืึทืœืึทื“ื–ืฉืึทื‘ืึทืœ ืฉื™ืคึผื™ื ื’ ืึทื’ืขื ื˜ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื ื”ื’ื™ื ืžืขืงืœืขืจ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืคื™ืจืŸ ืื™ืจ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืขื ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขืก.

ืคืึธืจืžื™ื˜ืœ ื”ืขืกืงืขื: ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืขืงืกืคึผืึธืจื˜ื™ื ื’ ืึท ืžืึทืฉื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ืง, ืžืึทื›ืŸ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ ืึทื– ื“ื™ ืžืึทืฉื™ืŸ ื˜ืจืขืคืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจืงื™ื™ึทื˜, ื™ืžื™ืฉืึทื ื– ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืขื›ื ื™ืฉ ืกื˜ืึทื ื“ืึทืจื“ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืจื•ื ืืคืจื™ืงืข. ื•ื•ืขื”ื™ืงืœืขืก ื•ื•ืึธืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขื”ืึธืจื›ื™ืง ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืจื•ื ืืคืจื™ืงืื ืขืจ ืจืขื’ื™ืึทืœื™ื™ืฉืึทื ื– ืงืขืŸ ื“ืึทืจืคืŸ ืžืึธื“ื™ืคื™ืงืึทื˜ื™ืึธื ืก ืึธื“ืขืจ ืึทืคึผืจื•ื•ื•ืึทืœื– ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืžืคึผืึธืจื˜ื™ื“.

ืขืงืกืคึผืึธืจื˜ ื“ืึทืงื™ื•ืžืขื ื˜ื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ: ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื“ืึทืจืคึฟืŸ ืฆื• ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ื“ื™ ื ื•ื™ื˜ื™ืง ื“ืึทืงื™ื•ืžืขื ื˜ื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืจ ืขืงืกืคึผืึธืจื˜ื™ืจืŸ ืึท ืžืึทืฉื™ืŸ, ืึทืจื™ื™ึทื ื’ืขืจืขื›ื ื˜ ื“ื™ ื˜ื™ื˜ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืึทืฉื™ืŸ, ืจืขื›ืขื ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจืงื•ื™ืฃ ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืึทื˜ื™ื™ึทื˜ื™ืง ืกืขืจื˜ื™ืคื™ืงืึทืฅ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืคึผืขืจืžื™ืฅ. ื“ื™ ื“ืึทืงื™ื•ืžืขื ื˜ื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ ืคืืจืœืื ื’ื˜ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ึทื˜ืŸ, ืึทื–ื•ื™ ืขืก ืื™ื– ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ืฆื• ืงืึธื ื˜ืจืึธืœื™ืจืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ืึทื˜ื™ื™ึทื˜ื™ืง ืื•ื™ื˜ืืจื™ื˜ืขื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืคึผื™ื ื’ ืื’ืขื ื˜ืŸ.

ืฉื™ืคึผื™ื ื’ ืึธืคึผืฆื™ืขืก: ืื™ืจ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืงืœื™ื™ึทื‘ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื“ืŸ ืฉื™ืคึผื™ื ื’ ืžืขื˜ื”ืึธื“ืก, ืึทื–ืึท ื•ื•ื™ ืฉื™ืคึผื™ื ื’ ืžื™ื˜ ืงืึทื ื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืจื– ืึธื“ืขืจ ืจืึธืœืœ-ืื•ื™ืฃ / ื–ืขืžืœ-ืึทื•ื•ืขืง (ืจืึธืจืึธ) ืฉื™ืคึผื™ื ื’. ืงืึทื ื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืฉื™ืคึผื™ื ื’ ื’ื™ื˜ ืึท ื’ืจืขืกืขืจืข ืฉื•ืฅ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืงืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืขืจ ื˜ื™ื™ึทืขืจ. ืจืึธืจืึธ ืฉื™ืคึผื™ื ื’ ื™ื ื•ื•ืึทืœื•ื•ื– ื“ืจื™ื™ื•ื•ื™ื ื’ ื“ื™ ืžืึทืฉื™ืŸ ืึทื ื˜ื• ืึท ืกืคึผืขืฉืึทืœื™ื™ื–ื“ ืฉื™ืฃ.

ืคืึธืจืžื™ื˜ืœ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข: ื“ืจื•ื ืืคืจื™ืงืื ืขืจ ืื•ื™ื˜ืืจื™ื˜ืขื˜ืŸ ืงืขืŸ ื“ืึทืจืคืŸ ืื™ื ืคึฟืึธืจืžืึทืฆื™ืข ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ื“ื™ ืžืึทืฉื™ืŸ, ืึทืจื™ื™ึทื ื’ืขืจืขื›ื ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคืจื™ืขืจื“ื™ืงืŸ ืึทืงืกืึทื“ืึทื ืฅ, ืจื™ืคึผืขืจื– ืื•ืŸ ืžืึธื“ื™ืคื™ืงืึทื˜ื™ืึธื ืก. ืขืก ืื™ื– ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ืฆื• ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืคึผื™ื ื˜ืœืขืš ืื™ื ืคึฟืึธืจืžืึทืฆื™ืข ืฆื• ื•ื™ืกืžื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉื•ื– ื‘ืขืฉืึทืก ื“ื™ ืึทืจื™ื™ึทื ืคื™ืจ ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขืก.

ืžื™ื ื”ื’ื™ื ืงืœืขืึทืจืึทื ืกืข: ืงืœืึธืจื™ื ื’ ืžื™ื ื”ื’ื™ื ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจื•ื ืืคืจื™ืงืข ืื™ื– ืึท ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืฉ ืฉืจื™ื˜. ื’ืขื”ืขืจื™ืง ืงืึทืžืคึผืœื™ื˜ื™ื ื’ ืึทืœืข ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง ืžื™ื ื”ื’ื™ื ื“ืึทืงื™ื•ืžืขื ื˜ื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ ืื™ื– ื™ืงืขืจื“ื™ืง ืฆื• ืคืึทืจืžื™ื™ึทื“ืŸ ื“ื™ืœื™ื™ื–. ืžื™ื ื”ื’ื™ื ืจืขืฉื•ืก ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืžืึธืœ ืื•ืŸ ืงืขืŸ ืึทืจื™ื™ึทื ืฆื™ืขืŸ ื™ื ืกืคึผืขืงืฉืึทื ื–.

ืฉื™ืคึผื™ื ื’ ืœืึธื’ื™ืกื˜ื™ืงืก: ื“ื™ ื“ื•ืจื›ืคืึธืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืฉื™ืคึผื™ื ื’ ืึท ืžืึทืฉื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ืง ืฆื• ื“ืจื•ื ืืคืจื™ืงืข ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ึทื˜ืŸ ื‘ืื–ื™ืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืคึผื™ื ื’ ืžืึทืจืฉืจื•ื˜, ืื•ื™ืกื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™ืœื˜ ืฉื™ืคึผื™ื ื’ ืคื™ืจืžืข ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืึธื˜ืขื ืฆื™ืขืœ ื“ื™ืœื™ื™ื– ืจืขื›ื˜ ืฆื• ื•ื•ืขื˜ืขืจ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช.

ืคืึทืจื–ื™ื›ืขืจื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืจืึทืงื™ื ื’: ืขืก ืื™ื– ืงืขื“ื™ื™ึทื™ืง ืฆื• ืคืึทืจื–ื™ื›ืขืจืŸ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึทืฉื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืฉืึทืก ื“ื•ืจื›ืคืึธืจ. ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืฉื™ืคึผื™ื ื’ ืงืึธืžืคึผืึทื ื™ืขืก ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ื˜ืจืึทืงื™ื ื’ ื‘ืึทื“ื™ื ื•ื ื’ืก ืึทื–ื•ื™ ืื™ืจ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืžืึธื ื™ื˜ืึธืจ ื“ื™ ืคึผืจืึธื’ืจืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึทืฉื™ืŸ.

ืœืืงืืœืข ืจืขื’ื•ืœืึทื˜ื™ืึธื ืก: ืึทืžืึธืœ ื“ื™ ืžืึทืฉื™ืŸ ืขืจื™ื™ื•ื•ื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจื•ื ืืคืจื™ืงืข, ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื“ืึทืจืคึฟืŸ ืฆื• ืึทื“ื›ื™ืจ ืฆื• ื”ื™ื’ืข ืจืขื’ื™ืกื˜ืจืึทืฆื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ื™ืกืึทื ืกื™ื ื’ ืคึผืจืึธื•ืกื™ื“ื–ืฉืขืจื– ืฆื• ืœื™ื’ืึทืœื™ ืคืึธืจ ื“ื™ ืžืึทืฉื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืจื•ื ืืคืจื™ืงืื ืขืจ ืจืึธื•ื“ื–.

ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืึทืžืคึผืœืขืงืกื™ื˜ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจื ืึทืฆื™ืึธื ืึทืœืข ืžืึทืฉื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืคึผื™ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ืคื™ืฉ ืจืขื’ื™ืึทืœื™ื™ืฉืึทื ื– ื™ื ื•ื•ืึทืœื•ื•ื“, ืขืก ืื™ื– ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ ืจืขืงืึทืžืขื ื“ื™ื“ ืฆื• ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื™ืงืกืคึผื™ืจื™ืึทื ืกื˜ ืฉื™ืคึผื™ื ื’ ืื’ืขื ื˜ืŸ, ืžื™ื ื”ื’ื™ื ื‘ืจืึธืงืขืจืก ืื•ืŸ ืœืึทื“ื–ืฉื™ืกื˜ื™ืงืก ืคึผืจืึธืคืขืกืกื™ืึธื ืึทืœืก ื•ื•ืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืขืงืกืคึผืขืจื˜ื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ืขืงืกืคึผืึธืจื˜ื™ื ื’ ืงืึทืจืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ืง ืฆื• ื“ืจื•ื ืืคืจื™ืงืข. ื–ื™ื™ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืคื™ืจืŸ ืื™ืจ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ ื’ืื ืฆืข ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืขื ืฉื•ืจ ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ื˜ืจืขืคืŸ ืึทืœืข ืœืขื’ืึทืœ ืจืขืงื•ื•ื™ืจืขืžืขื ืฅ.

ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืึทืจื™ื™ึทื ืคื™ืจ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืงืœืึทืกื™ืฉ ืžืึทืฉื™ืŸ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ืจื•ื ืืคืจื™ืงืข ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืคึฟืึทืจืื™ื™ื ื™ืงื˜ืข ืžืœื›ื•ืช

ืžื™ืจ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืึทืจื•ื™ืฉืขืœืคืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื™ืžืคึผืึธืจื˜ื™ื ื’ ื›ืžืขื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึทืฉื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืจื•ื ืืคืจื™ืงืข ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืคึฟืึทืจืื™ื™ื ื™ืงื˜ืข ืžืœื›ื•ืช, ืึทืจื™ื™ึทื ื’ืขืจืขื›ื ื˜ ืงืœืึทืกื™ืฉ ืงืึทืจืก.

ื•ื•ืึธืก ืคึผืึธืจืฅ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจื•ื ืืคืจื™ืงืข ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ืจ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืฉื™ืงืŸ ืงืึทืจืก?

ื“ืจื•ื ืืคืจื™ืงืข ื”ืื˜ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื”ื•ื™ืคึผื˜ ืคึผืึธืจืฅ ื•ื•ืึธืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืึธืคื˜ ื’ืขื ื™ืฆื˜ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืฉื™ืคึผื™ื ื’ ืงืึทืจืก ืื•ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืœืึทืกื˜. ื“ื™ ืคึผืึธืจืฅ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืกื˜ืจืึทื˜ื™ื“ื–ืฉื™ืงืœื™ ืœืึธื•ืงื™ื™ื˜ืึทื“ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืึทื ื“ 'ืก ืงืึธื•ืกื˜ืœื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ ืฉืœื™ืกืœ ื›ืึทื‘ื– ืคึฟืึทืจ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจื ืึทืฆื™ืึธื ืึทืœืข ื”ืึทื ื“ืœ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืคึผื™ื ื’. ื“ืึธ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹โ€‹โ€‹ื“ื™ ื”ื•ื™ืคึผื˜ ืคึผืึธืจืฅ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจื•ื ืืคืจื™ืงืข ื•ื•ื• ืื™ืจ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืคึผืึทื˜ืขื ื˜ืฉืึทืœื™ ืฉื™ืงืŸ ืงืึทืจืก ืคึฟื•ืŸ:

ื“ื•ืจื‘ืึทืŸ ืคึผืึธืจื˜: ืœื™ื’ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ืžื–ืจื— ื‘ืจืขื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืจื•ื ืืคืจื™ืงืข, ื“ื•ืจื‘ืึทืŸ ืื™ื– ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื–ื™ืึทืกื˜ ืคึผืึธืจืฅ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ืขืก ื“ื™ื ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ ืึท ื”ื•ื™ืคึผื˜ ื’ื™ื™ื˜ื•ื•ื™ื™ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื”ืึทื ื“ืœ ืžื™ื˜ ืœืขื ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื ื“ื™ืึทืŸ ืืงืขืืŸ ื’ืขื’ื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทื˜ืขืจ. ื“ื•ืจื‘ืึทืŸ ืคึผืึธืจื˜ ื”ืื˜ ืคืึทืกื™ืœืึทื˜ื™ื– ืคึฟืึทืจ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ืงืึทื ื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืจื– ืื•ืŸ ืจืึธืœืœ-ืื•ื™ืฃ / ื–ืขืžืœ-ืึทื•ื•ืขืง (ืจืึธืจืึธ) ืœืึทืกื˜, ื•ื•ืึธืก ืžืื›ื˜ ืขืก ืึท ืคึผืจืึธืกื˜ ื‘ืจื™ืจื” ืคึฟืึทืจ ืฉื™ืคึผื™ื ื’ ืงืึทืจืก.

Port Elizabeth (Gqeberha) ืคึผืึธืจื˜: ืกื™ื˜ืฉื•ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื“ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื–ืจื— ืงืึทืคึผืข ืคึผืจืึธื•ื•ื™ื ืฅ, ืคึผืึธืจื˜ ืขืœื™ื–ืึทื‘ืขื˜ื” ืื™ื– ืืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ืคึผืึธืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจื•ื ืืคืจื™ืงืข. ืขืก ื›ืึทื ื“ืึทืœื– ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื“ืŸ ื˜ื™ื™ืคึผืก ืคื•ืŸ ืœืึทืกื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืึธืคืคืขืจืก ืคืึทืกื™ืœืึทื˜ื™ื– ืคึฟืึทืจ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ืงืึทื ื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืจื– ืื•ืŸ ืจืึธืจืึธ ื˜ืจืึทื ืกืคึผืึธืจื˜.

ืงืึทืคึผืข ื˜ืึทื•ืŸ ืคึผืึธืจื˜: ืงืึทืคึผืข ื˜ืึทื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ืึท ื”ื•ื™ืคึผื˜ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ื“ืจื•ื-ืžืขืจื‘ ื‘ืจืขื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืจื•ื ืืคืจื™ืงืข. ื–ื™ื™ึทืŸ ืคึผืึธืจื˜ ื›ืึทื ื“ืึทืœื– ืึท ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืœืึทืกื˜, ืึทืจื™ื™ึทื ื’ืขืจืขื›ื ื˜ ืงืึทืจืก. ืงืึทืคึผืข ื˜ืึทื•ืŸ ืคึผืึธืจื˜ ืคึผืจืึธื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืก ืงืึทื ื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืจืึธืจืึธ ื‘ืึทื“ื™ื ื•ื ื’ืก.

ืžื–ืจื— ืœืึธื ื“ืึธืŸ ืคึผืึธืจื˜: ืœืึธื•ืงื™ื™ื˜ืึทื“ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื–ืจื— ืงืึทืคึผืข ืคึผืจืึธื•ื•ื™ื ืฅ, ืžื–ืจื— ืœืึธื ื“ืึธืŸ ืคึผืึธืจื˜ ืื™ื– ื‘ืึทื•ื•ื•ืกื˜ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื–ื™ื™ึทืŸ ืคืึทืจื ืขื ืœืึทืกื˜ ืึทืคึผืขืจื™ื™ืฉืึทื ื–. ืึธื‘ืขืจ, ืขืก ืื•ื™ืš ื”ืื˜ ืคืึทืกื™ืœืึทื˜ื™ื– ืคึฟืึทืจ ืžืึทืฉื™ืŸ ื˜ืจืึทื ืกืคึผืึธืจื˜.

Richards Bay ืคึผืึธืจื˜: Richards Bay, ืกื™ื˜ืฉื•ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื“ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ KwaZulu-Natal ืคึผืจืึธื•ื•ื™ื ืฅ, ืื™ื– ืึท ื‘ืึทื˜ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง ืคึผืึธืจื˜ ื‘ืคึฟืจื˜ ื‘ืึทื•ื•ื•ืกื˜ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืคืึทืจื ืขื ืœืึทืกื˜, ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ืขืœ ืงื•ื™ืœืŸ. ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืขืก ืื™ื– ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืึทื–ื•ื™ ืงืึทืžืึทื ืœื™ ืคึฟืึทืจื‘ื•ื ื“ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืžืึทืฉื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืคึผืžืึทื ืฅ ื•ื•ื™ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืคึผืึธืจืฅ, ืขืก ืงืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืคืึทืกื™ืœืึทื˜ื™ื– ืคึฟืึทืจ ืžืึทืฉื™ืŸ ืขืงืกืคึผืึธืจืฅ.

ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืจ ืฉื™ืคึผื™ื ื’ ืึท ืžืึทืฉื™ืŸ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ืจื•ื ืืคืจื™ืงืข, ืื™ืจ ื™ื•ื–ืฉืึทื•ื•ืึทืœื™ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืฉื™ืคึผื™ื ื’ ืงืึธืžืคึผืึทื ื™ืขืก ืึธื“ืขืจ ืœืึทื“ื–ืฉื™ืกื˜ื™ืงืก ืคึผืจืึทื•ื•ื™ื™ื“ืขืจื– ื•ื•ืึธืก ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืึธืจืฅ. ื–ื™ื™ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื”ืขืœืคึฟืŸ ืื™ืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื“ืขื˜ืึทื™ืœืก ืคื•ืŸ ืขืจื™ื™ื ื“ื–ืฉื™ื ื’ ื˜ืจืึทื ืกืคึผืขืจื˜ื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ, ื”ืึทื ื“ืœื™ื ื’ ื“ืึทืงื™ื•ืžืขื ื˜ื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ, ืžื™ื ื”ื’ื™ื ืจืขืฉื•ืก ืื•ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืึทืกืคึผืขืงืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืคึผื™ื ื’ ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขืก.

ื‘ื™ื˜ืข ื˜ืึธืŸ ืึทื– ืคึผืึธืจื˜ ืึทื•ื•ื™ื™ืœืึทื‘ื™ืœืึทื˜ื™, ื‘ืึทื“ื™ื ื•ื ื’ืก ืื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืคึผื™ื ื’ ืจื•ืฅ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ึทื˜. ืคึฟืึทืจ ื“ื™ ืžืขืจืกื˜ ืคึผื™ื ื˜ืœืขืš ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื”ื™ื™ึทื ื˜ื™ืงื˜ ืื™ื ืคึฟืึธืจืžืึทืฆื™ืข, ืื™ืš ืจืขืงืึธืžืขื ื“ื™ืจืŸ ืฆื• ืงืึธื ื˜ืึทืงื˜ ืฉื™ืคึผื™ื ื’ ืงืึธืžืคึผืึทื ื™ืขืก ื•ื•ืึธืก ืกืคึผืขืฉืึทืœื™ื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจื ืึทืฆื™ืึธื ืึทืœืข ืžืึทืฉื™ืŸ ื˜ืจืึทื ืกืคึผืขืจื˜ื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคืจืขื’ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืจืึทื ื˜ ืึธืคึผืฆื™ืขืก ืคึฟืึทืจ ืฉื™ืคึผื™ื ื’ ืงืึทืจืก ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ืจื•ื ืืคืจื™ืงืข.

ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืื™ืจ ืึทืจื™ื™ึทื ืคื™ืจ ืึท ืžืึทืฉื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืจื•ื ืืคืจื™ืงืข ืฆื• ื•ืง?

ื™ืึธ, ืื™ืจ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืึทืจื™ื™ึทื ืคื™ืจ ืึท ืžืึทืฉื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืจื•ื ืืคืจื™ืงืข ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื•ืง, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืขืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธื•ืกื™ื“ื–ืฉืขืจื– ืื•ืŸ ืจืขืงื•ื•ื™ืจืขืžืขื ืฅ ืื™ืจ ื“ืึทืจืคึฟืŸ ืฆื• ื ืึธื›ืคืึธืœื’ืŸ. ื“ืึธ ืื™ื– ืึทืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื‘ืœื™ืง ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขืก:

  1. ืคืึธืจืฉื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ืŸ: ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ื™ืžืคึผืึธืจื˜ื™ื ื’ ืึท ืžืึทืฉื™ืŸ, ืขืก ืื™ื– ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ืฆื• ืคืึธืจืฉื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจืขื’ื™ืึทืœื™ื™ืฉืึทื ื–, ื˜ืึทืงืกื™ื– ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืจืึธื•ืกื™ื“ื–ืฉืขืจื– ื™ื ื•ื•ืึทืœื•ื•ื“ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ืง. ืžืึทื›ื˜ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ ืึทื– ื“ื™ ืžืึทืฉื™ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื™ืžืคึผืึธืจื˜ื™ื“ ื˜ืจืขืคืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจืงื™ื™ึทื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื™ื ื•ื•ื™ื™ืจืึทื ืžืขื ืึทืœ ืกื˜ืึทื ื“ืึทืจื“ืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ืง.
  2. ืคืึธืจืžื™ื˜ืœ ื‘ืืจืขื›ื˜ื™ื’ื•ื ื’: ืงื•ืง ืื•ื™ื‘ ื“ื™ ืžืึทืฉื™ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœืŸ ืฆื• ืึทืจื™ื™ึทื ืคื™ืจ ืื™ื– ื‘ืืจืขื›ื˜ื™ื’ื˜ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื™ืžืคึผืึธืจื˜ื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ืง. ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืงืึทืจืก ืงืขืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืขืจืœื•ื™ื‘ื˜ ืจืขื›ื˜ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื›ืขืจืงื™ื™ึทื˜ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื™ืžื™ืฉืึทื ื– ืจืขื’ื™ืึทืœื™ื™ืฉืึทื ื–.
  3. ืžื™ื ื”ื’ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืึทื˜: ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืจ ื™ืžืคึผืึธืจื˜ื™ื ื’ ืึท ืžืึทืฉื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ืง, ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื“ืึทืจืคึฟืŸ ืฆื• ื‘ืึทืฆืึธืœืŸ ืžื™ื ื”ื’ื™ื ื“ื•ื˜ื™ื– ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืึทื“ื“ืขื“ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ึทืขืจ (ื•ื•ืึทื˜) ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืึทืฉื™ืŸ. ื“ื™ ืจืึทื˜ืขืก ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ึทื˜ืŸ, ืึทื–ื•ื™ ื˜ืฉืขืง ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื•ืง HM ืจืขื•ื•ืขืš ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื ื”ื’ื™ื (HMRC) ืคึฟืึทืจ ื“ื™ ืžืขืจืกื˜ ื“ืขืจื”ื™ื™ึทื ื˜ื™ืงื˜ ืื™ื ืคึฟืึธืจืžืึทืฆื™ืข.
  4. ืึธื ื–ืึธื’ ืฆื• HMRC: ืื™ืจ ื“ืึทืจืคึฟืŸ ืฆื• ื’ืขื‘ื  ืฆื• ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ HMRC ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึธื ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืึทืฉื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ืง ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื ืึธื˜ื™ืคื™ืงืึทื˜ื™ืึธืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืึธืจืžื™ื˜ืœ ืขืจื™ื™ื•ื•ื– (NOVA) ืกื™ืกื˜ืขื. ื“ืึธืก ื“ืึทืจืฃ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื˜ืืŸ ืื™ืŸ 14 ื˜ืขื’ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื ืึธื ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืึทืฉื™ืŸ.
  5. ืคืึธืจืžื™ื˜ืœ ืคืึทืจืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ื•ื ื’: ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื“ืึทืจืคึฟืŸ ืฆื• ืจืขื’ื™ืกื˜ืจื™ืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืึทืฉื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื“ืจื™ื™ื•ื•ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึธืจืžื™ื˜ืœ ืœื™ืกืขื ืกื™ื ื’ ืึทื’ืขื ืกื™ (DVLA) ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ืง. ื“ืึธืก ื™ื ื•ื•ืึทืœื•ื•ื– ืงืจื™ื’ืŸ ืึท ื•ืง ืจืขื’ื™ืกื˜ืจืึทืฆื™ืข ื ื•ืžืขืจ, ืึทืคึผื“ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ื’ ื“ื™ ื“ืขื˜ืึทื™ืœืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืึทืฉื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฆืึธืœืŸ ื“ื™ ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง ืคื™ื–.
  6. ื˜ืขืกื˜ื™ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืžืึธื“ื™ืคื™ืงืึทื˜ื™ืึธื ืก: ื“ืขืคึผืขื ื“ื™ื ื’ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ืกืคึผืขืกืึทืคืึทืงื™ื™ืฉืึทื ื– ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืึทืฉื™ืŸ, ืื™ืจ ืงืขืŸ ื“ืึทืจืคึฟืŸ ืฆื• ื“ื•ืจื›ืคื™ืจืŸ ื ื•ื™ื˜ื™ืง ืžืึธื“ื™ืคื™ืงืึทื˜ื™ืึธื ืก ืึธื“ืขืจ ื˜ืขืกื˜ื™ื ื’ ืฆื• ืขื ืฉื•ืจ ืึทื– ื“ื™ ืžืึทืฉื™ืŸ ื ืึธื›ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื•ืง ืกื˜ืึทื ื“ืึทืจื“ืก. ื“ืึธืก ืงืขืŸ ืึทืจื™ื™ึทื ื ืขืžืขืŸ ื–ืื›ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ ื˜ืฉืึทื ื’ื™ื ื’ ื›ืขื“ืœื™ื™ืฅ ืฆื• ื˜ืจืขืคืŸ ื•ืง ื•ื•ืขื’ ืจืขื’ื™ืึทืœื™ื™ืฉืึทื ื–.
  7. ื“ืึธืงื•ืžืขื ื˜ืึทื˜ื™ืึธืŸ: ืงืœื™ื™ึทื‘ืŸ ืึทืœืข ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง ื“ืึทืงื™ื•ืžืขื ื˜ื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ, ืึทืจื™ื™ึทื ื’ืขืจืขื›ื ื˜ ื“ื™ ื˜ื™ื˜ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืึทืฉื™ืŸ, ืจืขื›ืขื ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจืงื•ื™ืฃ, ืžื™ื ื”ื’ื™ื ื“ืขืงืœืึทืจืึทืฆื™ืข, NOVA ืจืขืคึฟืขืจืขื ืฅ ื ื•ืžืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื‘ืึทื˜ื™ื™ึทื˜ื™ืง ืคึผื™ื™ืคึผืขืจื•ื•ืขืจืง.
  8. ื˜ืจืึทื ืกืคึผืึธืจื˜ืึทื˜ื™ืึธืŸ: ืฆื•ืœื™ื™ื’ืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื“ื™ ื˜ืจืึทื ืกืคึผืขืจื˜ื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืึทืฉื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืจื•ื ืืคืจื™ืงืข ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื•ืง. ืงืœื™ื™ึทื‘ืŸ ืึท ืฉื™ืคึผื™ื ื’ ืื•ืคึฟืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืคึผืึทืกื™ืง ืคึฟืึทืจ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืึทืจืฃ, ืฆื™ ืขืก ืื™ื– ืฉื™ืคึผื™ื ื’ ืžื™ื˜ ืงืึทื ื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืจื– ืึธื“ืขืจ ืฉื™ืคึผื™ื ื’ ืžื™ื˜ ืจืึธืœืœ-ืื•ื™ืฃ / ืจืึธืœืœ-ืึทื•ื•ืขืง (ืจืึธืจืึธ).
  9. ืžื™ื ื”ื’ื™ื ืจืขืฉื•ืก: ื“ื™ ืžืึทืฉื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื ื”ื’ื™ื ืจืขืฉื•ืก ื‘ื™ื™ ืึธื ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ืง. ืžืึทื›ืŸ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึทืœืข ื“ื™ ืคืืจืœืื ื’ื˜ ื“ืึทืงื™ื•ืžืขื ื˜ื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื“ื•ืจื›ืงื•ืง.
  10. ื‘ืึทืฆืึธืœืŸ ื˜ืึทืงืกืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ื–: ื‘ืึทืฆืึธืœืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื ื”ื’ื™ื ื“ื•ื˜ื™ื–, ื•ื•ืึทื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืคื™ื– ื•ื•ื™ ืคืืจืœืื ื’ื˜. ื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืจืขืงืึธืจื“ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผื™ื™ืžืึทื ืฅ.
  11. DVLA ืจืขื’ื™ืกื˜ืจืึทืฆื™ืข: ืึทืžืึธืœ ื“ื™ ืžืึทืฉื™ืŸ ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ืง ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืจืขืคืŸ ืึทืœืข ืจืขืงื•ื•ื™ืจืขืžืขื ืฅ, ืคืึทืจืฉืจื™ื™ึทื‘ืŸ ืขืก ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ DVLA. ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื“ืึทืจืคึฟืŸ ืฆื• ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ื“ื™ ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง ื“ืึธืงื•ืžืขื ื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฆืึธืœืŸ ืจืขื’ื™ืกื˜ืจืึทืฆื™ืข ืคื™ื–.
  12. ืคืึทืจื–ื™ื›ืขืจื•ื ื’: ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืคืึทืจื–ื™ื›ืขืจื•ื ื’ ืงืึทื•ื•ืขืจื™ื“ื–ืฉ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื“ื™ ื™ืžืคึผืึธืจื˜ื™ื“ ืžืึทืฉื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ื“ืจื™ื™ื•ื•ื™ื ื’ ืขืก ืื•ื™ืฃ ื•ืง ืจืึธื•ื“ื–.

ืขืก ืื™ื– ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ืฆื• ื˜ืึธืŸ ืึทื– ืจืขื’ื•ืœืึทื˜ื™ืึธื ืก ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืจืึธื•ืกื™ื“ื–ืฉืขืจื– ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ืฉืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื™ืžืคึผืึธืจื˜ื™ื ื’ ืึท ืžืึทืฉื™ืŸ ืงืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืึท ืงืึธืžืคึผืœื™ืฆื™ืจื˜ ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขืก. ื‘ืึทื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ืŸ ื–ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื™ืœืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ื ื”ื’ื™ื ืื’ืขื ื˜ืŸ, ื™ืžืคึผืึธืจื˜ ืกืคึผืขืฉืึทืœืึทืกืฅ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืคืึทื›ืžืึทืŸ ืึทืจื™ื™ึทื ืคื™ืจ ื‘ืึทื“ื™ื ื•ื ื’ืก ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืจ ื–ืขื ื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื‘ืึทืงืึทื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขืก ืึธื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœืŸ ืฆื• ืขื ืฉื•ืจ ืึท ื’ืœืึทื˜ ื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืึทื ื’. ืงืึธื ื˜ืจืึธืœื™ืจืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ืจืขื’ื™ืึทืœื™ื™ืฉืึทื ื– ืื•ืŸ ื’ื™ื™ื“ืึทื ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืึทืึทืžื˜ืขืจ ืงื•ื•ืืœืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ืง ืจืขื’ื™ืจื•ื ื’.

 

ื•ื•ื™ ืคื™ืœ ื˜ื•ื˜ ืขืก ืงืึธืกื˜ืŸ ืฆื• ืึทืจื™ื™ึทื ืคื™ืจ ืึท ืžืึทืฉื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืจื•ื ืืคืจื™ืงืข ืฆื• ื•ืง?

ื“ื™ ืคึผืจื™ื™ึทื– ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืžืคึผืึธืจื˜ื™ื ื’ ืึท ืžืึทืฉื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืจื•ื ืืคืจื™ืงืข ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื•ืง ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื“ืœื™ ื“ื™ืคึผืขื ื“ื™ื ื’ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช. ื“ื™ ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืึทืจื™ื™ึทื ื ืขืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ื™ืคึผ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืึทืฉื™ืŸ, ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืคึผื™ื ื’ ืื•ืคึฟืŸ, ืึทืจื™ื™ึทื ืคื™ืจ ื“ื•ื˜ื™ื–, ื˜ืึทืงืกื™ื– ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื“ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืคื™ื–. ื“ืึธ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹โ€‹โ€‹ื“ื™ ื”ื•ื™ืคึผื˜ ืงืึธืก ืฆื• ื‘ืึทื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ืŸ:

ืฉื™ืคึผื™ื ื’ ืงืึธืก: ื“ื™ ืงืึธืก ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืคึผื™ื ื’ ืึท ืžืึทืฉื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืจื•ื ืืคืจื™ืงืข ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื•ืง ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืึธืคืขื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืคึผื™ื ื’ ืื•ืคึฟืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™ืœื˜ (ืœืžืฉืœ, ืงืึทื ื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืฉื™ืคึผื™ื ื’ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืจืึธืœืœ-ืื•ื™ืฃ / ื–ืขืžืœ-ืึทื•ื•ืขืง), ื“ื™ ื’ืจื™ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืึธืจืžื™ื˜ืœ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืคึผื™ื ื’ ืคื™ืจืžืข. ืฉื™ืคึผื™ื ื’ ืงืึธืก ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืฆื• ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ ืคื•ื ื˜.

ื™ืžืคึผืึธืจื˜ ืคืœื™ื›ื˜: ื™ืžืคึผืึธืจื˜ ืคืœื™ื›ื˜ ืื™ื– ื‘ืื–ื™ืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืึทืฉื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ื˜ื™ืคึผื™ืงืœื™ ืงืึทืœืงื™ืึทืœื™ื™ื˜ื™ื“ ื•ื•ื™ ืึท ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืึทืฉื™ืŸ. ืจืึทื˜ืขืก ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ึทื˜ืŸ, ืึทื–ื•ื™ ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœ ืงืึธื ื˜ืจืึธืœื™ืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืจืึทื ื˜ ืจื™ื™ืฅ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื•ืง ืก HM ืจืขื•ื•ืขื ื•ืข ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื ื”ื’ื™ื (HMRC) ืึธื“ืขืจ ืึท ืžื™ื ื”ื’ื™ื ืžืขืงืœืขืจ.

ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืึทื“ื“ืขื“ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ึทืขืจ (ื•ื•ืึทื˜): ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืžืกืชึผืžื ื“ืึทืจืคึฟืŸ ืฆื• ืฆืึธืœืŸ ื•ื•ืึทื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืึทืฉื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืคึผื™ื ื’ ืงืึธืก. ื“ืขืจ ื ืึธืจืžืึทืœ ื•ื•ืึทื˜ ืงื•ืจืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ืง ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 20%. ื•ื•ืึทื˜ ืื™ื– ืงืึทืœืงื™ืึทืœื™ื™ื˜ื™ื“ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ืงืึทืžื‘ื™ื™ื ื“ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืึทืฉื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืคึผื™ื ื’.

ืžื™ื ื”ื’ื™ื ืจืขืฉื•ืก ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืจืึธื•ืงืขืจื™ื“ื–ืฉ ืคื™ื–: ืื™ืจ ืงืขืŸ ื“ืึทืจืคึฟืŸ ืฆื• ื“ื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ืึท ืžื™ื ื”ื’ื™ื ืžืขืงืœืขืจ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืคืจื™ื™ื˜ ืคืึธืจื•ื•ืขืจื“ืขืจ ืฆื• ืึทืจื•ื™ืฉืขืœืคืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืžื™ื ื”ื’ื™ื ืจืขืฉื•ืก ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขืก. ื–ื™ื™ ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ื‘ืึทืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืงืŸ ืึท ืึธืคึผืฆืึธืœ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื‘ืึทื“ื™ื ื•ื ื’ืก.

ืคืึธืจืžื™ื˜ืœ ื˜ืขืกื˜ื™ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืžืึธื“ื™ืคื™ืงืึทื˜ื™ืึธื ืก: ื“ืขืคึผืขื ื“ื™ื ื’ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ืขืœื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืกืคึผืขืกืึทืคืึทืงื™ื™ืฉืึทื ื– ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืึทืฉื™ืŸ, ืื™ืจ ืงืขืŸ ื“ืึทืจืคึฟืŸ ืฆื• ืžืึทื›ืŸ ืžืึธื“ื™ืคื™ืงืึทื˜ื™ืึธื ืก ืฆื• ื˜ืจืขืคืŸ ื•ืง ื–ื™ื›ืขืจืงื™ื™ึทื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื™ื ื•ื•ื™ื™ืจืึทื ืžืขื ืึทืœ ืกื˜ืึทื ื“ืึทืจื“ืก. ื“ืึธืก ืงืขืŸ ืึทืจื™ื™ึทื ื ืขืžืขืŸ ื˜ืขืกื˜ื™ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืกืขืจื˜ืึทืคืึทืงื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ ืงืึธืก.

ืคืึทืจืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ืกืขื ืกื™ื ื’: ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื“ืึทืจืคึฟืŸ ืฆื• ืคืึทืจืฉืจื™ื™ึทื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ืžืคึผืึธืจื˜ื™ื“ ืคืึธืจืžื™ื˜ืœ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ืง ืื•ืŸ ืงืจื™ื’ืŸ ื•ืง ื“ืขืจืœื•ื™ื‘ืขื ื™ืฉ ืคึผืœืึทื˜ืขืก. ืขืก ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคื™ื– ืคึฟืึทืจื‘ื•ื ื“ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขืก.

ืคืึทืจื–ื™ื›ืขืจื•ื ื’: ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื“ืึทืจืคึฟืŸ ืฆื• ืฆื•ืœื™ื™ื’ืŸ ืคืึทืจื–ื™ื›ืขืจื•ื ื’ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื“ื™ ืžืึทืฉื™ืŸ ื‘ืฉืขืช ืขืก ืื™ื– ื˜ืจืึทื ืกืคึผืึธืจื˜ืึทื“ ืื•ืŸ ืึทืžืึธืœ ืขืก ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ืง.

ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ื“ื–ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึทื ื“ืœื™ื ื’: ืื•ื™ื‘ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึทืฉื™ืŸ ืงื•ืžื˜ ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืจ ื–ืขื ื˜ ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ื–ืึทืžืœืขืŸ ืขืก, ืขืก ืงืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ื“ื–ืฉ ืคื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืึธืจื˜ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ื“ื–ืฉ ืžืขื›ื™ืจืขืก.

ืงืจืึทื ื˜ืงื™ื™ึทื˜ ืขืงืกื˜ืฉืึทื ื’ืข ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืึทื ืง ืคื™ื–: ื‘ืึทื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืงืกืœ ืงื•ืจืก ืคืœืึทืงื˜ืฉื•ื™ื™ืฉืึทื ื– ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืึธื˜ืขื ืฆื™ืขืœ ืคื™ื– ืคึฟืึทืจื‘ื•ื ื“ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืงืจืึทื ื˜ืงื™ื™ึทื˜ ืงืึทื ื•ื•ืขืจื–ืฉืึทืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืจ ื‘ืึทืฆืึธืœืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืคืจืขืžื“ ืงืจืึทื ื˜ืงื™ื™ึทื˜.

ื“ืึทืงื™ื•ืžืขื ื˜ื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ: ืขืก ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคื™ื– ืคึฟืึทืจ ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื ื•ื™ื˜ื™ืง ื“ืึทืงื™ื•ืžืขื ื˜ื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ, ืึทืจื™ื™ึทื ื’ืขืจืขื›ื ื˜ ื“ื™ ืคืึธืจืžื™ื˜ืœ ื˜ื™ื˜ืœ, ืจืขื›ืขื ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจืงื•ื™ืฃ ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคืืจืœืื ื’ื˜ ืขืงืกืคึผืึธืจื˜ / ืึทืจื™ื™ึทื ืคื™ืจ ืคึผืขืจืžื™ืฅ.

ืœืืงืืœืข ื˜ืึทืงืกืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจื•ื ืืคืจื™ืงืข: ื“ื• ื–ืืœืกื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืคืึทืจื’ืขืกืŸ ืฆื• ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ืึทืงืกื™ื– ืึธื“ืขืจ ืคื™ื– ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ืจ ืงืขืŸ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจื•ื ืืคืจื™ืงืข ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืจ ืขืงืกืคึผืึธืจื˜ื™ืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืึทืฉื™ืŸ.

ืขืก ืื™ื– ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืฉ ืฆื• ืงืึธื ื˜ืึทืงื˜ ื“ื™ ื‘ืึทื˜ื™ื™ึทื˜ื™ืง ืื•ื™ื˜ืืจื™ื˜ืขื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื•ื›ืŸ ืขืฆื” ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ืžื™ื ื”ื’ื™ื ืžืขืงืœืขืจ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืฉื™ืคึผื™ื ื’ ืคื™ืจืžืข ืฆื• ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืคึผื™ื ื˜ืœืขืš ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื”ื™ื™ึทื ื˜ื™ืงื˜ ืคึผืจื™ื™ึทื– ืขืกื˜ืึทืžืึทืฅ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ืคื™ืฉ ืกื™ื˜ื•ืึทืฆื™ืข. ืื™ืžืคืืจื˜ ืจืขื’ื™ืึทืœื™ื™ืฉืึทื ื– ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ื– ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ึทื˜, ืึทื–ื•ื™ ืขืก ืื™ื– ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ืฆื• ืงืึธื ื˜ืจืึธืœื™ืจืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื‘ืึทื˜ื™ื™ึทื˜ื™ืง ืื•ื™ื˜ืืจื™ื˜ืขื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืจืึธืคืขืกืกื™ืึธื ืึทืœืก ืฆื• ืขื ืฉื•ืจ ื”ืขืกืงืขื ืžื™ื˜ ืงืจืึทื ื˜ ืจืขื’ื™ืึทืœื™ื™ืฉืึทื ื– ืื•ืŸ ืคึผื™ื ื˜ืœืขืš ืงืึธืก ืขืกื˜ืึทืžืึทืฅ.

ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืื™ืจ ืงื•ื™ืคืŸ ืึท ืžืึทืฉื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืจื•ื ืืคืจื™ืงืข ืื•ืŸ ืึทืจื™ื™ึทื ืคื™ืจ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื•ืง?

ื™ืึธ, ืขืก ืื™ื– ืžืขื’ืœืขืš ืฆื• ืงื•ื™ืคืŸ ืึท ืžืึทืฉื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจื•ื ืืคืจื™ืงืข ืื•ืŸ ืึทืจื™ื™ึทื ืคื™ืจ ืขืก ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื•ืง. ืึธื‘ืขืจ, ืขืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ืคื™ืฉ ืกื˜ืขืคึผืก ืื•ืŸ ืจืขืงื•ื•ื™ืจืขืžืขื ืฅ ืื™ืจ ื“ืึทืจืคึฟืŸ ืฆื• ื ืึธื›ืคืึธืœื’ืŸ ืฆื• ื˜ืึธืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืœื™ื’ืึทืœื™. ื“ืึธ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทืœื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ืข ืกื˜ืขืคึผืก ื™ื ื•ื•ืึทืœื•ื•ื“:

ืงืœื™ื™ึทื‘ืŸ ืึท ืžืึทืฉื™ืŸ: ืึธื ื”ื™ื™ื‘ ื“ื•ืจืš ืกืขืœืขืงื˜ื™ื ื’ ื“ื™ ืžืึทืฉื™ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœืŸ ืฆื• ืงื•ื™ืคืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจื•ื ืืคืจื™ืงืข. ืžืึทื›ืŸ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ ืึทื– ื“ื™ ืคืึธืจืžื™ื˜ืœ ืžื™ืฅ ื“ื™ ื•ืง ืก ื–ื™ื›ืขืจืงื™ื™ึทื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื™ืžื™ืฉืึทื ื– ืกื˜ืึทื ื“ืึทืจื“ืก, ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทืœ ืžืึธื“ื™ืคื™ืงืึทื˜ื™ืึธื ืก ืงืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืืจืœืื ื’ื˜ ืฆื• ื ืึธื›ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื•ืง ืจืขื’ื™ืึทืœื™ื™ืฉืึทื ื–.

ืงื•ื™ืคืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืึทืฉื™ืŸ: ืงื•ื™ืคืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืึทืฉื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจื•ื ืืคืจื™ืงืข ืื•ืŸ ืžืึทื›ืŸ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืึทืœืข ื“ื™ ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง ื“ืึทืงื™ื•ืžืขื ื˜ื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ, ืึทืจื™ื™ึทื ื’ืขืจืขื›ื ื˜ ื“ืขื ื˜ื™ื˜ืœ, ืจืขื›ืขื ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจืงื•ื™ืฃ ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืขืงืกืคึผืึธืจื˜-ืคึฟืึทืจื‘ื•ื ื“ืขื ืข ืคึผื™ื™ืคึผืขืจื•ื•ืขืจืง.

ืฉื™ืคึผื™ื ื’: ืฆื•ืœื™ื™ื’ืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื“ื™ ื˜ืจืึทื ืกืคึผืขืจื˜ื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืึธืจืžื™ื˜ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืจื•ื ืืคืจื™ืงืข ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื•ืง. ื“ื™ืคึผืขื ื“ื™ื ื’ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืจืขืคึฟืขืจืขื ืฆืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื•ื“ื–ืฉืขื˜, ืื™ืจ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืงืœื™ื™ึทื‘ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืฉื™ืคึผื™ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืึทื ื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืจืึธืœืœ-ืื•ื™ืฃ / ืจืึธืœืœ-ืึทื•ื•ืขืง (ืจืึธ-ืจืึธ).

ืžื™ื ื”ื’ื™ื ืจืขืฉื•ืก: ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืึทืฉื™ืŸ ืขืจื™ื™ื•ื•ื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ืง, ืขืก ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื“ืึทืจืคึฟืŸ ืฆื• ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื ื”ื’ื™ื ืจืขืฉื•ืก. ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื“ืึทืจืคึฟืŸ ืฆื• ืคืึทืจืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืžื™ื ื”ื’ื™ื ื“ืขืงืœืขืจื™ื™ืฉืึทื ื– ืื•ืŸ ืฆืึธืœืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืึทืจื™ื™ึทื ืคื™ืจ ื“ื•ื˜ื™ื– ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืึทืงืกื™ื–, ืึทื–ืึท ื•ื•ื™ ืึทืจื™ื™ึทื ืคื™ืจ ืคืœื™ื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืึทื˜. ืื™ืจ ืงืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ืฆื• ื“ื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืฆื• ื”ืึทื ื“ืœืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืžื™ื ื”ื’ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืคืจื™ื™ื˜ ืคืึธืจื•ื•ืขืจื“ื™ื ื’ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื›ืึทืฃ.

ืคืึธืจืžื™ื˜ืœ ืžืึธื“ื™ืคื™ืงืึทื˜ื™ืึธื ืก ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืขืกื˜ื™ื ื’: ื“ืขืคึผืขื ื“ื™ื ื’ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ืกืคึผืขืกืึทืคืึทืงื™ื™ืฉืึทื ื– ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืึทืฉื™ืŸ, ืขืก ืงืขืŸ ื“ืึทืจืคึฟืŸ ืžืึธื“ื™ืคื™ืงืึทื˜ื™ืึธื ืก ืึธื“ืขืจ ื˜ืขืกื˜ื™ื ื’ ืฆื• ื˜ืจืขืคืŸ ื•ืง ื–ื™ื›ืขืจืงื™ื™ึทื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื™ืžื™ืฉืึทื ื– ืกื˜ืึทื ื“ืึทืจื“ืก. ื“ืึธืก ืงืขืŸ ืึทืจื™ื™ึทื ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืึทื“ื–ืฉืึทืกื˜ืžืึทื ืฅ ืฆื• ื›ืขื“ืœื™ื™ืฅ, ืกืคึผื™ื“ืึทืžืึทื˜ืขืจื– ืึธื“ืขืจ ื™ืžื™ืฉืึทื ื– ืกื™ืกื˜ืขืžืขืŸ. ืื™ืจ ืงืขืŸ ื“ืึทืจืคึฟืŸ ืฆื• ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืึธืจืžื™ื˜ืœ ื˜ืขืกื˜ืขื“ ืื•ืŸ ืกืขืจื˜ืึทืคื™ื™ื“ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ ืคืึธืจืžื™ื˜ืœ ืกืขืจื˜ื™ืคื™ืงืึทื˜ื™ืึธืŸ ืึทื’ืขื ืกื™ (VCA) ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ืง.

ืจืขื’ื™ืกื˜ืจื™ืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืึทืฉื™ืŸ: ืึทืžืึธืœ ื“ื™ ืžืึทืฉื™ืŸ ื”ืื˜ ืงืœื™ืจื“ ืžื™ื ื”ื’ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืึทืœืข ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง ืžืึธื“ื™ืคื™ืงืึทื˜ื™ืึธื ืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฅ, ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื“ืึทืจืคึฟืŸ ืฆื• ืคืึทืจืฉืจื™ื™ึทื‘ืŸ ืขืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ืง. ื“ืึธืก ื™ื ื•ื•ืึทืœื•ื•ื– ืงืจื™ื’ืŸ ื•ืง ื“ืขืจืœื•ื™ื‘ืขื ื™ืฉ ืคึผืœืึทื˜ืขืก, ืฆืึธืœืŸ ืจืขื’ื™ืกื˜ืจืึทืฆื™ืข ืคื™ื– ืื•ืŸ ืขืจื™ื™ื ื“ื–ืฉื™ื ื’ ืึท MOT (ืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ืขืจื™ื•ื ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืจืึทื ืกืคึผืึธืจื˜) ืคึผืจืึธื‘ืข ืื•ื™ื‘ ืคืืจืœืื ื’ื˜.

ืคืึทืจื–ื™ื›ืขืจื•ื ื’: ืคืึทืจื–ื™ื›ืขืจืŸ ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ื ื•ื™ื˜ื™ืง ืคืึทืจื–ื™ื›ืขืจื•ื ื’ ืงืึทื•ื•ืขืจื™ื“ื–ืฉ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืžืคึผืึธืจื˜ื™ื“ ืคืึธืจืžื™ื˜ืœ.

ื•ื•ืขื’ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืจ: ืฆืึธืœืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืจ (ื•ื•ืขื”ื™ืงืœืข ืขืงืกืกื™ืก ื“ื•ื˜ื™) ื•ื•ืึธืก ืึทืคึผืœื™ื™ื– ืฆื• ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืžืคึผืึธืจื˜ื™ื“ ืžืึทืฉื™ืŸ.

ืึธื ื’ืึธื™ื ื’ ื•ื™ืฉืึทืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืขืกืงืขื: ื ืึธืš ื™ืžืคึผืึธืจื˜ื™ื ื’ ื“ื™ ืžืึทืฉื™ืŸ, ืื™ืจ ืžื•ื–ืŸ ืคืึธืจื–ืขืฆืŸ ืฆื• ื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืขืก ืื™ืŸ ืœื•ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื•ืง ืจืขื’ื™ืึทืœื™ื™ืฉืึทื ื–, ืึทืจื™ื™ึทื ื’ืขืจืขื›ื ื˜ ืจืขื’ื•ืœืขืจ ืžืึธื˜ ื˜ืขืกืฅ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืขืกืงืขื ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจืงื™ื™ึทื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื™ืžื™ืฉืึทื ื– ืกื˜ืึทื ื“ืึทืจื“ืก.

ื‘ื™ื˜ืข ื˜ืึธืŸ ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขืก ืงืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืงืึธืžืคึผืœื™ืฆื™ืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ื™ื™ึทืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ืคื™ืฉ ืจืขืงื•ื•ื™ืจืขืžืขื ืฅ ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ื– ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ึทื˜. ืขืก ืื™ื– ื™ืงืขืจื“ื™ืง ืฆื• ื‘ืœื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ืึทืจื•ื™ืฃ-ืฆื•-ื“ืึทื˜ืข ืžื™ื˜ ืงืจืึทื ื˜ ืจืขื’ื™ืึทืœื™ื™ืฉืึทื ื– ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืึทืจืึทื˜ื  ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ื ื”ื’ื™ื ืื•ื™ื˜ืืจื™ื˜ืขื˜ืŸ, ืฉื™ืคึผื™ื ื’ ืงืึธืžืคึผืึทื ื™ืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื ื”ื’ื™ื ื‘ืจืึธืงืขืจืก ืฆื• ืขื ืฉื•ืจ ืึท ื’ืœืึทื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืœืขื’ืึทืœ ืึทืจื™ื™ึทื ืคื™ืจ ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขืก. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจืฆื•, ื‘ืึทื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื ื•ื•ืึทืœื•ื•ื“ ืงืึธืก, ืึทื–ืึท ื•ื•ื™ ืึทืจื™ื™ึทื ืคื™ืจ ื“ื•ื˜ื™ื–, ื˜ืึทืงืกื™ื–, ืฉื™ืคึผื™ื ื’ ืคื™ื– ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืึธื˜ืขื ืฆื™ืขืœ ืžืึธื“ื™ืคื™ืงืึทื˜ื™ืึธื ืก ืคื•ืŸ ืคืึธืจืžื™ื˜ืœ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืึทื“ื–ืฉื™ื˜ื™ื ื’ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื“ื™ ื™ืžืคึผืึธืจื˜ื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ืžืึทืฉื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืจื•ื ืืคืจื™ืงืข ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื•ืง.

ื•ื•ื™ ืœืึทื ื’ ื ืขืžื˜ ืึท ืฉื™ืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืจื•ื ืืคืจื™ืงืข ืฆื• ื•ืง?

ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื“ื•ื™ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื™ื ื ืขืกื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ื“ืจื•ื ืืคืจื™ืงืข ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื•ืง ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ึทื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ืคึผืขื ื“ื™ื ื’ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช, ืึทืจื™ื™ึทื ื’ืขืจืขื›ื ื˜ ื“ื™ ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ืคื™ืฉ ืคึผืึธืจืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ืึธืคึผืคืึธืจ ืื•ืŸ ืึธื ืงื•ืžืขืŸ, ื“ืขืจ ืžืึทืจืฉืจื•ื˜ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ, ื“ื™ ื˜ื™ืคึผ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื˜ืขืจ ื˜ื ืึธื™ื. ืึธื‘ืขืจ, ื•ื•ื™ ืึท ื’ืขื ืขืจืึทืœ ื’ื™ื™ื“ืœื™ื™ื ื–, ื“ื™ ื˜ื™ืคึผื™ืฉ ื“ื•ืจื›ืคืึธืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืึท ืœืึทืกื˜ ืฉื™ืฃ ืฆื• ืึทืจื•ืžืคืึธืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ืคึผื˜ ืคึผืึธืจืฅ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจื•ื ืืคืจื™ืงืข (ืึทื–ืึท ื•ื•ื™ ื“ื•ืจื‘ืึทืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืงืึทืคึผืข ื˜ืึทื•ืŸ) ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื•ืง (ืคึผืึธืจืฅ ื•ื•ื™ ืกืึธื•ื˜ื”ืึทืžืคึผื˜ืึธืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืœืึธื ื“ืึธืŸ) ืื™ื– ื‘ืขืขืจืขืš 15-25 ื˜ืขื’.

ื“ืึธ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื•ื•ืึธืก ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขื“ื•ื™ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืกื™ืขื”:

ืžืึทืจืฉืจื•ื˜: ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ืกื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™ืœื˜ืข ืฉื™ืคึผื™ื ื’ ืžืึทืจืฉืจื•ื˜ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืŸ ื“ื™ ืจื™ื™ื–ืข ืฆื™ื™ื˜. ื“ื™ืจืขืงื˜ ืจื•ืฅ ื˜ืขื ื“ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืึทืกื˜ืขืจ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืฉื™ืคืŸ ืงืขืŸ ื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืกื˜ืึทืคึผืก ืื™ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืคึผืึธืจืฅ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื•ื•ืขื’, ื•ื•ืึธืก ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืคืึทืจื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ืขืจืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืกื™ืขื”.

ื˜ื™ืคึผ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ: ื“ื™ ื˜ื™ืคึผ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืจื™ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืฃ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ื™ื›ืงื™ื™ึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืขืกื™ืข. ื’ืจืขืกืขืจืข ืงืึทื ื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืฉื™ืคืŸ ืงืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืคืึทืกื˜ืขืจ ื“ื•ืจื›ืคืึธืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜, ื‘ืฉืขืช ืงืœืขื ืขืจืขืจ ื›ืœื™ื ืึธื“ืขืจ ื™ืขื ืข ื•ื•ืึธืก ืคื™ืจืŸ ืกืคึผืขืฉืึทืœื™ื™ื–ื“ ืœืึทืกื˜ ืงืขืŸ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืžืขืจ.

ื•ื•ืขื˜ืขืจ ื˜ื ืึธื™ื: ื•ื•ืขื˜ืขืจ, ืึทืจื™ื™ึทื ื’ืขืจืขื›ื ื˜ ืคึผืจืึธืกื˜ ืกื™ื– ืื•ืŸ ืกื˜ืึธืจืžื–, ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืึธื ืžืึทื›ืŸ ื“ื™ืœื™ื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืคึผื™ื ื’ ืกืงืขื“ื–ืฉื•ืœื–. ื‘ืฉืขืช ืžืึธื“ืขืจืŸ ื›ืœื™ื ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื–ื™ื™ื ื“ ืฆื• ืฉืขืคึผืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื“ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื˜ืขืจ ื˜ื ืึธื™ื, ืื•ืžื’ืขืจื™ื›ื˜ ื•ื•ืขื˜ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉืขืขื ื™ืฉืŸ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืŸ ืจื™ื™ื–ืข ืฆื™ื™ื˜.

ืคึผืึธืจื˜ ืงืึทื ื“ื–ืฉืขืกื˜ืฉืึทืŸ: ื“ื™ืœื™ื™ื– ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืคึผืึทืกื™ืจืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ ืขืก ืื™ื– ืงืึทื ื“ื–ืฉืขืกื˜ืฉืึทืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืึท ื‘ืึทืงืœืึธื’ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืจื•ื ืืคืจื™ืงืื ืขืจ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื•ืง ืคึผืึธืจืฅ, ื•ื•ืึธืก ืงืขืŸ ืคื™ืจืŸ ืฆื• ื•ื•ืืจื˜ืŸ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื“ืึทืงื™ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืึทื ืœืึธื•ื“ื™ื ื’.

ื˜ืจืึทื ืกืฉื™ืคึผืžืขื ื˜: ืื™ืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืงืึทืกืขืก, ืœืึทืกื˜ ืงืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ืจืึทื ืกืฉื™ืคึผืขื“ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื˜ืจืึทื ืกืคืขืจื“ ืฆื• ืืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ื™ื ื˜ืขืจืžื™ื“ื™ื™ื˜ ืคึผืึธืจื˜, ื•ื•ืึธืก ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืœื™ื™ื’ืŸ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื ืกื™ืขื”.

ืขืก ืื™ื– ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ืฆื• ื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื ืขืŸ ืึทื– ื“ืึธืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื ืขืจืึทืœ ืขืกื˜ืึทืžืึทืฅ, ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืงื˜ื™ืฉ ื“ื•ืจื›ืคืึธืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืงืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ึทื˜ืŸ. ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืจ ืฉื™ืคึผื™ื ื’ ืึท ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ืคื™ืฉ ื ื•ืžืขืจ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืคึผืœืึทื ื™ืจืŸ ืึท ื™ืžืคึผืึธืจื˜ / ืขืงืกืคึผืึธืจื˜ ืึธืคึผืขืจืึทืฆื™ืข, ืขืก ืื™ื– ืงืขื“ื™ื™ึทื™ืง ืฆื• ื‘ืึทืจืึทื˜ื  ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืคึผื™ื ื’ ืคื™ืจืžืข ืึธื“ืขืจ ืคืจื™ื™ื˜ ืคืึธืจื•ื•ืขืจื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ืจ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜, ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทืœ ื–ื™ื™ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืžืขืจ ื’ืขื ื•ื™ ืื™ื ืคึฟืึธืจืžืึทืฆื™ืข ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืขืจื•ื•ืึทืจื˜ ื“ื•ืจื›ืคืึธืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืึทืกื˜. ื“ืขืจืฆื•, ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื‘ืึทื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ืŸ ืคึผืึธื˜ืขื ืฆื™ืขืœ ื“ื™ืœื™ื™ื– ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืœืึทืŸ ืึทืงืึธืจื“ื™ื ื’ืœื™ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืกืงืขื“ื–ืฉื•ืœื™ื ื’ ื“ื™ ืึธื ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืกื›ื•ื™ืจืข ืึธื“ืขืจ ืžืึทื›ืŸ ืึทืจื•ืžืคืึธืจืŸ ืขืจื™ื™ื ื“ื–ืฉืžืึทื ืฅ.

ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืึท ืฆื™ื˜ื™ืจืŸ
ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืึท ืฆื™ื˜ื™ืจืŸ
ื ืึธืขื ื˜ ืžืขื ื™ื•